Becoming a U.S. citizen through naturalization is an exciting and important milestone for many immigrants. The process can seem daunting, but it can actually be one of the easiest steps in your US immigration journey! This guide will walk you through the process of applying for U.S. naturalization and offer helpful tips along the way.
What is U.S. Naturalization?
"Naturalization" is the process by which a foreign national becomes a U.S. citizen. If you are a Legal Permanent Resident (Green Card holder), have lived in the United States for a certain number of years, and meet other criteria, you may be eligible to apply for citizenship. You can become a U.S. Citizen based on one of the criteria below:
You have been a Lawful Permanent Resident for 5 years or more
You are married to a U.S. citizen
You are serving in the U.S. Military; and/or
You are the child of a U.S. citizen.
Benefits and Responsibilities of US Citizenship
You have the right to live in the United States.
You can vote in U.S. federal and local elections.
You can apply for jobs that require U.S. citizenship.
You can run for federal and local office.
You can apply for a U.S. passport.
You have expanded opportunities to bring your family members to live in the United States.
You are expected to be loyal to the United States and support the Constitution.
You are required to serve on a jury when necessary.
Eligibility Requirements for Naturalization
Before you begin the application process, make sure you meet the following basic eligibility requirements:
Age: You must be at least 18 years old.
Permanent Residency: You must have held a Green Card (permanent resident status) for at least 5 years. This time is reduced to just 3 years if your eligibility is based on marriage to a U.S. Citizen.
Physical Presence: You need to have been physically present in the U.S. for at least 30 months out of the last 5 years (reduced to 18 months if married to a U.S. citizen).
Continuous Residence: You must have lived continuously in the U.S. for at least 5 years (or 3 years for spouses of U.S. citizens) before applying.
Good Moral Character: You must demonstrate good moral character. This includes a clean criminal record, no recent immigration violations, and a history of adhering to U.S. laws. (Be sure to work with an immigration attorney if there are any issues in these categories).
English Language: You must be able to read, write, and speak basic English. Exceptions are made for older applicants, or those with certain disabilities.
Civics Knowledge: You need to pass a civics test to show your knowledge of U.S. history, government, and symbols.
Steps to Apply for U.S. Naturalization
Step 1: Complete Form N-400
The first step is to complete Form N-400, Application for Naturalization, which can now be filed online with USCIS directly, or submitted via paper form.
Key points to keep in mind:
Answer all questions truthfully and carefully.
Be prepared to provide information about your background, residence, employment, family, and travel history.
Submit the appropriate fee based on whether you are applying online or via paper submission (always check the USCIS fee schedule online for the latest filing fee costs).
Step 2: Submit Form N-400 and Supporting Documents
Once completed, submit your Form N-400 online or by mail to USCIS, along with the required documents. These might include:
A copy of your green card (front and back).
Two passport-style photos.
Documents related to your marital status (if applicable).
Any other documents that support your eligibility, such as military service records or evidence of continuous U.S. residence.
Step 3: Biometrics Appointment
After USCIS receives your application, you will be scheduled for a biometrics appointment. This appointment is typically held at a local USCIS Application Support Center. During the appointment, USCIS will take your fingerprints, photograph, and signature to conduct a background check. If you have already provided fingerprints for a previous biometrics appointment, USCIS may send you a letter stating that it will re-use the data and you are not required to attend another biometrics appointment.
Step 4: Attend the Interview
Next, you will be scheduled for an interview with a USCIS officer. During this interview:
You will answer questions about your Form N-400 application.
You will take the English and civics tests (unless you're exempt).
The English test includes a reading, writing, and speaking portion.
The civics test includes questions on U.S. history and government. You’ll need to answer 6 out of 10 questions correctly to pass.
If you pass both tests, and the officer is satisfied with your application, he or she will recommend you for approval.
Step 5: Receive a Decision
After your interview, USCIS will send you a written decision via mail. If your application is approved, you will receive a notice to attend a naturalization ceremony. It's crucial to ensure that USCIS has your current address on file. Update your address with 10 days of any change of address.
Step 6: Take the Oath of Allegiance
The final step in the naturalization process is the Oath of Allegiance. This ceremony is where you officially become a U.S. citizen. You'll pledge allegiance to the United States and renounce allegiance to any foreign countries.
After taking the oath, you will receive your Certificate of Naturalization, which is proof of your U.S. citizenship.
Tips for a Successful Naturalization Application
Keep a Record: Maintain copies of all forms, receipts, and correspondence with USCIS.
Prepare for the Tests: Use free online resources, classes, or apps to prepare for the English and civics tests.
Stay Organized: Gather all the required documents ahead of time and ensure you have everything before submitting your application.
Follow Instructions Carefully: Any mistake on your form can delay your application or even result in a denial.
Be Honest: Misrepresenting information on your application can result in serious consequences, including a denial of citizenship.
Find Out When You are Eligible to Apply for U.S. Citizenship
You may file Form N-400, Application for Naturalization, 90 calendar days before you complete your continuous residence requirement if your eligibility for naturalization is based upon being a:
Permanent resident for at least 5 years; or
Permanent resident for at least 3 years if you are married to a US citizen.
You may use the USCIS Early Filing Calculator to ensure you file your Form N-400 within the 90-day window. USCIS will deny your form if you file more than 90 days before your anniversary date.
Conclusion
Applying for U.S. naturalization is a big step toward becoming a U.S. citizen. By understanding the requirements and carefully following the steps, you can navigate the process with confidence. While it may take several months or even longer, the reward of U.S. citizenship makes it all worthwhile. Be sure to stay patient, stay organized, and seek help when needed—and soon, you’ll be on your way to becoming a proud U.S. citizen!
To find out how we can help you achieve your American Dream of US citizenship, schedule a complimentary consultation with The Grady Firm’s attorneys by booking a call online, or calling +1 (949) 940-6725.
The Grady Firm has offices in Southern California, and its attorneys work remotely with clients from around the globe.
*This article is for informational purposes only, and does not constitute legal advice or create an attorney-client relationship. This article does not make any guarantees as to the outcome of a particular case, as each case has its own set of circumstances and must be evaluated individually by and attorney and adjudicated by USCIS or the relevant consulate.
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